Ancient+Rome+Draft

​​ Some Romans believed they could get better with praying and some Romans believed in using herbs to get better.

Medicine Medical Herbs:
 * 1) Fennel: It was thought to have calming properties.
 * 2) Elecampane: Used to help digestion.
 * 3) Sage: Although it had little medical value, it had great religious value.
 * 4) Garlic: Beneficial for health, particularly of the heart.
 * 5) Fenugreek: Used in the treatment of pneumonia.
 * 6) Mustard:is was used as a medication for chest congestion, toothache, headache, and to relieve sprains and rheumatism.
 * 7) Rosemary:its antiseptic properties meant it would be used to preserve foods. It was also placed in the hands of the dead.
 * 8) Silphuim: Used for a wide variety of ailments and conditions especially for birth control.
 * 9) Willow: Used as an antiseptic

Surgical Instruments: __Scalpels:__ Could be made of either steel or bronze. Ancient scalpels had almost the same form and function as those of today. The most ordinary type of scalpels in antiquity were the longer, steel scalpels. These long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited for deep or long cuts. Smaller, bronze scalpels, referred to as bellied scalpels, were also used frequently by surgeons in antiquity since the shape allowed for delicate and precise cuts to be made. __Hooks__: A common instrument used regularly by Roman and Greek doctors. The ancient doctors used two basic types of hooks: sharp hooks and blunt hooks. Blunt hooks were used primarily as probes for dissection and for raising blood vessels. Sharp hooks, on the other hand, were used to hold and lift small pieces of tissue so that they could be extracted, and to retract the edges of wounds. __Bone Drills:__ Driven in their rotary motion by means of a thong in various configurations. Roman and Greek physicians used bone drills in order to remove diseased bone tissue from the skull and to remove foreign objects (such as a weapon) from a bone. __Catheters:__ Used in order to open up a blocked urinary tract which allowed urine to pass freely from the body. Early catheters were hollow tubes made of steel or bronze, and had two basic designs. There were catheters with a slight S curve for male patients and a straighter one for females. There were similar shaped devices called bladder sounds that were used to probe the bladder in search of calcifications. __Uvula Crushing Forceps:__ These finely-toothed jawed forceps were designed to facilitate the amputation of the uvula. The procedure called for the physician to crush the uvula with forceps before cutting it off in order to prevent hemorrhaging. Vaginal Specula: Among the most complex instruments used by Roman and Greek physicians. Most of the vaginal specula that have survived and been discovered consist of a screw device which, when turned, forces a cross-bar to push the blades outwards. __Spatula:__ This instrument was used to mix and apply various ointments to patients. __Surgical saw:__ This instrument was used to cut through bones in amputations and surgeries
 * Forceps**: Forceps were often used in conjunction with bone drills. They were used by ancient doctors to extract small fragments of bone which could not be grasped by the fingers.


 * __Founding and Roman Kingdom__**

Rome was founded on April 21, 753 B.C. by Romulas and Remus. They were raised by a shewolf. These two twin brothers were grandsons of Numitor of Alba Longa, the Latin King.(According to legend.) The twins founded their own city. Unfortunately, Romulus killed Remus in a fight over, which one will be the King of Rome, but some say, the fight was just about who was going to give their name to the city. Romulus was the source of the city's name. Although, legend says, the Latins called the Sabines to a festival and the Latins stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latin & Sabines. Another legend that was recorded by Greek Historian Dianysius says that Prince Aenas went on a sea voyage. He lead a group of Trojans on the voyage. After a long time, they landed at the banks of the Tiber River. A bit after they landed, the men wanted to take to the sea again, but the women travelling with them didn't want to leave. A woman named Roma, reccomanded that the women burn the ships out at sea to stop them from leaving. The men were angry with Roma, but then they realized that they were in the epitome location to settle. They named the settlement after the woman who torched their ships.  __**Clothing** __

Like everything else in Ancient Roman Society, the kind of clothes you wore depended on your status. Slaves and the poorer Romans wore different clothes to the rich and wealthy Romans and the Emperor's family. Poor people, shop-keepers, slaves and workers would wear a "//Tunica//" at all times. The //tunica//, or tunic was a one-piece linen or wool vest which was convenient to wear all day and did not get in the way of work. The tunic of an ordinary Roman Citizen was made of plain white wool. Roman Knights and Roman Senators had stripes of purple cloth woven into the material of the tunica, on running from each shoulder to the bottom of the tunic in both back and front. Men and womens clothing tended to be very similar, though women might wear more ornate jewellery with their clothes. Most of the children wore tunics as well. Some boys would wear togas with a thin purple stripe. When the boy turned 14, there would be a special ceremony, and the boy was then given a plain white toga to wear. From there on, he was seen as a grown- up. The Roman sandal was found in Britian. It had leather laces to tie it on. In parts of the empire, where it was cold, people would wear boots. Otherwise, they would wear open leather sandals. 

__**Food **__

For people dining in Ancient Rome, meals centered around corn, oil and wine, and for the wealthy, different types of exotic foods. Cereals were the staple food, originally in the form of husked wheat being made into porridge, but later naked wheat was made into bread. Bread was the most often eaten food in Ancient Rome, and was sometimes sweetened with honey or cheese and was eaten with sausage, domestic fowl, game, eggs, fish, or shellfish. Fish and oysters were especially popular, while meat, especially pork was also popular. Elsewhere in Rome, varieties of cakes, pastries and tarts were made both commercially and at home, and were often sweetened with honey. Vegetables, such as cabbage and parsnips, lettuce, asparagus, onion, garlic, marrows, radishes, lentils ,beans, and beets were imported. Fruits and nuts were also available, as was a variety of strongly flavored sauces, spices and herbs, which became very popular in Roman cuisine.

Storing food back then was a problem. Some houses may have larders or pantries and others may have had cool cellers. Fresh fruit and vegetables were stored in baskets other food including wine or olive oil was stored in pots and jars (amphorae) of pottery.
 * __How was food stored:__**

The Romans imported a whole variety of materials: beef, corn, glassware, iron, lead, leather, marble, olive oil, perfumes, purple dye, silk, silver, spices, timber, tin and wine. The main trading partners were in Spain, France, the Middle East and North Africa.
 * ​ __Trading Goods:__**

Initially, Rome was ruled by kings, who were elected from each of Rome's major tribes in turn. The king's power is uncertain. He may have held near-absolute power, or may also have merely been the chief executive of the Senate and the people. At least in military matters, the king's authority was likely absolute. He was also the head of the state religion. Roman law has changed a lot during rome's history. In 450 BC a long list of Roman laws- called the Twelve Tables- was published. It listed laws about inheriting money, owning property, and many other aspects of dailylife. Although the laws kept changing throughout the roman period, they were always based on the twelve tables.
 * __Government and Law:__**


 * __Society:__**

Poorer women who need to earn a wage often work in the markets, serve in stores, do needlework, or work as bath attendants. Because Roman woman have much more independence than Greek counterparts, some woman below the wealthy senatorial and equestrian classes run their own businesses, such as laundries, cloth-making factories, perfumeries, or leather tanneries. In general, slaves working in rich homes have a comfortable, easy life and even treated affectionately by the families they searve. Some unlucky slaves in town in town are fare much better than those who are put to work in the fields is torture. Worse still is the fate of slaves sent to work in mines digging out lead ,iron ,sulphur ,copper ,and silver. They are barely fed and watered, living for months out of the sight of sun and sky, these slaves are nothing more than human digging machines. A mine slave's life is short and brutal;they are literally worked to death. However, the wealthy matron has an altogether more comfortable life. She directs the work of the household slaves, organizes the running of the home, and is expected to have children. All the worst jobs were done by slaves. these were often people captured in wars who were bought and sold in the market like objects. Slaves did all the work in a rich roman home. they did the cooking, cleaning, shopping, the laundry, and looked after the younger children. richer houseolds had slaves with special talents such as: musicians, touters ect....


 * __Jobs__**

The best way for a man to make his living was as an farmer or you could say landowner because the type of farming i mean is, a farmer having laborers and slaves doing all the work. The most important occupation in the Roman Empire was farming. __Farm Transport__ Even though the Romans had horses, mules, and donkeys for heavy loads, they used oxans as draught animals. The farmers carts and wagons are not that different from the ones that are still used in some parts of Europe. __Workers and Crafts__ People in Rome always complained about the noise. Rome was a huge manufacturing city. The noises came from the clangs of blacksmiths' hammers, the roar of glassblowers' furnaces, the shouts of the wagoners, and the rattle and thud of carts on the cobbled streets. Workshops were throughout the city. There were also other differences. Producers were salespeople. The man who sold a knife, was also the man who made it. Butchers and grocers were also farmers. Pottery was made on a wheel and fired on a special Kiln. Majority of the potters were specialized in a certain type. The quarter of Athens is where the potters work. Overthere, you will find the most famous craftsman and artists working in tiny shops or workshops where the workers learn the techniques of the trade. They make vases that are destined to grace the homes. When the clay is extracted from the quarries of Amaroussia, then mixed with red orcher, it gives the Attican pottery it's characteristic. The potter uses a very simple wheel to shape and to create different forms. After rubbing and soothing down the pots, he puts them out in the sun to dry. After this process, the jugs for wines and water, trophies, vials, drinking cups, and jars are ready to be painted and decorated by the best artists in the city.


 * __Settlements and Shelter__**

There were variety of houses and flats in Ancient Rome. When you would go to the house of the rich, often it is very luxurious. The rooms are cool and spacious. They would also have fine furniture and shady gardens. But most Romans were poor and they lived in cramped and crowded flats. Some even live in rooms next to their shops or workshops. __Houses for the rich__ A house owned by a rich person were only 1 or 2 story high. At the centre, there would be a court, the //atrium.// Every morning the owner would conduct business there. Atrium had let light into the house, and helped the house keep cool. The atrium was covered by a roof and in the roof, there was a hole in the middle. There was a pool underneath the atrium. Rain drained through the hole into the pool. Then the water was stored in a cistern (tank) under the atrium. Bedrooms usually were on the ground floor, and opened onto the atrium. At the back was a garden. It was shaded with a low roof, but not completely. It was supported by columns. Garden must also have a fountain and an open- air dining area. The slaves had barely any space of their own. They had to sleep wherever they could find space. During the war, the Romans built a wall to protect them from fierce barbarian attacks.


 * __Great Works and Technology:__**

The biggest amplitheater in the Roman Empire was the Colosseum in Rome. It opened in 80 A.D. with a gladitorial festival lasting 100 days and then staging games 93 times every year. Games lasted all day starting in the morning with a parade of gladiators, musicians, dancers, and jugglers. Then came the wild animals, including lions, tigers, bears, and even crocodiles, which performed tricks or fought against eachother. Armed hunters then fought the beasts, while unarmed criminals were thrown into the ring to be torn to bits and pieces infront of the crowd.(Gladiators were like basketball/hockey stars in their day.) In the Colosseum regular events were held. Gladiators fought eachother on life and death. Some events could be boxing matches, archery matches, chariot races, and sometimes the whole Colosseum would be flooded with water for sea battles. The last blood thirsty event was in 523 A.D. After the death of Nero ( a cruel selfish roman emperor) Vespasianus (roman emperor after Nero) instructed to build the Colosseum for spectacular events in 72 A.D. He did this because he wanted to impress and because he wanted to make the citizens happy. With the help of a large help from an army of slaves he built the Colosseum in 10 years.

The calenders we use today is based on the Roman calender. According to Roman legend, Romulus - the founder and first king of Rome - divided the Roman year into ten months. //Martius// - the month of the god Mars, Aprilis- orgin uncertain, //Maius//- the month of Maia, mother of Mercury, //Junius//- the month of goddess Juno,, //Quintilis//- the 5th month, //Sextilis//- the 6th month, //September//- the 7th month, //October//- the 8th month, //November//- the 9th month, //December//- the 10th month. With this system, each year only had 304 days, so King Numa later added two new months: Januarius and Februarius. In 152 BC the start of the new year was moved from March to January 1. But even with the two new months, each year still had only 355 days, so the Romans had to keep adding in extra days to make the calendar work. The Romans believed that the sun and the moon were planets and through that there were seven planets altogether. The planets had been named after Roman gods and goddesses, and the days of the week were named after the seven planets. Sunday - dies Solis (sun day) Monday- dies Lunae (moon day) Tuesday- dies Martis (day of the Mars) Wednesday- dies Mercurii (day of the Mercury) Thursday- dies Jovis (day of Jove or Jupiter) Friday- dies Veneris ( day of Venus) Saturday- dies Saturni ( day of saturn) Because of the Romans we wouldn't have calenders, we wouldn't know what day it would be, and if we didn't know what the day or month was everybody would be confused and we would be very un organized.

 Romans prayed to dozens of gods and goddesses. The state religion grew from the rituals of early farming families who asked the nautural spirits to give them healthy children, favorable weather, good harvests, and protect them from enemies.Here are a couple of gods and goddesses that the people worshiped: Apollo: god of the sun, music,healing,and prophecy, Basshus: God of wine, Ceres: goddess of crops and harvests, Cupid: god of love, Diana: goddess of the moon and hunting, Dis, god of the underworld, Flora: goddess of spring and flowers, Fortuna: goddess of good luck, Janus: god of doorways, and bridges, Juno: queen of the gods, goddessess of women and childbirth, Jupiter or Jove: king of the gods, god of the sky, thunder, and lightning, Mars: god of war, Mercury: Jupiter's messenger, god of trade and thieves, Minerva: goddess of science and wisdom, crafts and war, Neptune: god of the sea, Roma: goddess of Rome, Saturn: god of farming, Venus: goddess of love and beauty, VestaL goddess of the hearth, Vulcan:god of blacksmiths and craftwork.
 * __Beliefs, traditions, and celebrations:__**

With so many gods and goddesses to honour, Romans celebrated as many as 200 festivals a year. Some are solemn, but most are an excuse for having a good time. Here are some of the main celebrations people back then and still people now celebrate!

__Kalendis Ianuaris January 1: __ New consuls are sworn in and bulls are sacrificed to Jupiter. The Anno Novo (New Year) is dedicated to the two-headed Janus, who looks back at the old year and ahead to the new. People give gifts and make vows (the origin of New Years resolutions). The day is also sacred to Asculapius on this day.
 * __ January: __**

__Compitalia early January: __

This celebration of the //Iares compitales// (gods of the crossroads) takes place on a single day, between the 3rd to 5th, when farmers decorted altars on their boundaries. In Rome the 265 district chiefs place altars at all crossroads. The city festival lasts three days.

__Iuturnae January 11: __ Festivals of Iuturna, goddess of fountains and prophetic waters, celebrated at her temple, where the Aqua Virgo enters the suburbs.

__Parentalia February 13-21: __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The //manes// are honored. People visit the cemeteries with offerings for the hungry dead. No marriages may be performed.
 * __ February: __**

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lupercalia February 15: __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Two teams of noble youths are smeared with the sacrificed goats’ blood. Wearing the goats hides, they run through the streets, whipping spectators with strips of goatskin to promote fertility.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Equirria February 27: __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Established by the Romulus in the early days of Rome, this is a festival of horse racing dedicated to Mars, god of the war and agriculture. It is also held again on March 14.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__Matronalia March 1st, (ancient New Years day):__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the Matronalia (festival of Juno Lucina) husbands give gifts to their wives. The 1st to the 23rd is the festival of Mars. The //salii// dance through the streets and again on the 9th and 23rd. __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anna Perenna March 15: __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anna Oerenna, goddess of the year, is celebrated by men and women with dancing and drinking- as many cups of wine as the number of years they hope to live.
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">March: __**

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Agonalia March 17: __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Also celebrated in December, January, and May, the Agonali in March is a popular day for young boys to put their adult togas for the first time.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tubilustruim March 19-23: __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As the //salii// dance, the sacred trumpets of war are purified to bring success in the coming battle season.

__**April:**

Ludi Magalenses April 4-10:__

The //Megalesia,// dedicated to Cybele is celebrated by games.

__Ludi Ceriales or Cerealia April 12-19:__

The Cerealia celebrates Ceres, Goddess of corn, with eight days of games. On the last day foxes are ritually realeased into the Circus with flaming brands attached to their tailes.

__Fordicidia April 15:__

To promote the fertility of cows and fields, 30 pregnant cows are sacrificed. The unborn calves are burned and their ashes are taken by the Vestal Virgins for use in the Parilia.

__Parilia April 21:__

An ancient festivals for the purification of sheep and shepherds, it is celebrated all over Rome as the city's birthday. Large bonfires are lit and offerings of food thrown on them. As the priestly fire, the ashes of the Fordiciadia calves are sprinkled on the flames.

__Vimalia Proioria April 23:__

In the first of two wine festivals (the other is August 19), the first jars of wine from the previous year are offered to Jupiter before men may taste the vintage.

__Ludi Florales April 27- May 2:__

The festival of Flora, goddess of flowers, and spring, lasts six days long with a carnival and games.

__**May:**

Lemuria May 9,11, and 13:__

The Lemuria is a three day ritual held in every house to pacify the lemures, spiriys if the household dead. As even numbered days are unlucky, it is held on odd numbered days.

__Mercurius May 15:__

Festival of Mercury, celebrated by the traders.

__**June:**

Carna June 1:__

Festival of Carna, goddess of door hinges. She wards off striges (vampires) from babies who are left unattended in their cribs.

__Vestalia June 9:__

The festival of Vesta.

__Matralia June 11:__

The festival of mothers is held in honor of the goddess Matuta.


 * __July:__**

__Ludi Apollinares July 3-13:__

Originally a one day festival of Apollo, this has become extended and is now an excuse for theatrical shows, games, and races.

__Ludi Victoriae Caesaris July 20-30:__

Festival of games in honor of Julius Cesar.


 * __August:__**


 * __Vinalia Rustica August 19:__**

This festival celebrates the start of the grape harvest, in which they first grapes are picked.

__Volcanalia August 23:__

The festival of god Vulcan.


 * __September:__**

__Ludi Romani September 5-19:__

Also called the ludi magni because of their importance and extent, these games are held in honor of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the most senior form of Jupiter. On the 13th a cow is sacrificed at Jupiter's temple and the Senate eat a banquet there, in company with dressed statues of Jupiter, Juno, Minerva.


 * __October:__**

__Meditrianila October 11:__

A festival to celebrate the new wine vintage.

__Fontinalia October 13:__

In honor of the god of spring, fons, garlands are thrown into springs and placed on wells.

__Armilistrium October 19:__

The festival of purification of arms is held in honor of Mars. The salii dance in procession as the arms are purified and put away at the end of the army campaigning season.


 * __November:__**

__Ludi Plebeii November 4-17:__

Theater, games and races mark this feast of the Plebeian games of Jupiter. On the 13th a banquet is held for senators and magistrates.


 * __December:__**

__Bona Dea December 3:__

The festival in honor of the good goddess is not held in a temple, but in the house of a consul with only women present. Men are strictly forbidden to see any of the secret rites.

__Agonalia December 11:__

Also the Septimontium, a festival in honor to the seven hills of Rome.

__Saturnalia December 17-23:__

This important festival honors Saturn, god of seed sowing. On the first day, after a sacrifice of pigs at the temple of Saturn, work ceases and the feasting begins. Gambling in public (otherwise banned) is allowed, and everyone wears holiday colours. Slaves are given the day off and may even be served by their masters. In time, this festival will replace Christmas.


 * __Trade and Record Keeping__**

The most powerful Roman of all was the Roman emperor. With the help of the Senate, he ruled Rome. The council of officials were in charge of the army, taxes, and law and order. Romans collected taxes from all over the Empire. People who lived in the provinces payed much more than the people who lived in Italy. At first, the money was collected by tax collectors. Unfortunately, some of the mens were thieves and they kept some of the money for themselves. The Augustus put the local governors in charge of collecting the tax. The taxes helped a lot. It played for the army and for public buildings, such as bath- houses and aqueducts. All these things were very expensive, and despite the taxes, the State sometimes ran out of money.


 * __Bibliography:__**

[|www.wikipedia.org] [|www.google.ca] Life in Ancient Rome by. Simon Adams Living in Ancient Rome by. Norman Bancroft Hunt Ancient Rome by. Peter Connolly The Ancient Romans HISTORY STARTS HERE! by. Anita Ganeri The Usborne Internet linked encyclopedia of the Roman World by.Fiona Chandler, Sam Taplin, and Jane Bingham.